Human coronaviruses are spread in ways similar to other viruses like the flu or norovirus. Common methods of transmission include:

• coughing
• sneezing
• close personal contact (shaking hands, touching, etc.)
• touching a contaminated object or surface, then touching your eyes, nose or mouth
• handling waste of an infected person (this method is rare)

Coronaviruses are commonly spread during fall and winter, but they are active all year. 

Symptoms

COVID-19 can cause mild to severe symptoms and death. Symptoms may appear 2 to 14 days after exposure to the virus. Symptoms are similar to a variety of illnesses and include:

• Fever or chills
• Cough
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Muscle pain
• Headache
• Sore throat
• New loss of taste or smell
• Congestion or runny nose
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

The virus may lead to lower respiratory tract illnesses like pneumonia or bronchitis. This is more common in older adults, infants, people with compromised immune systems and people living with chronic conditions. Always contact your healthcare provider if symptoms persist or become more severe.

If you develop any of the following emergency warning signs, seek medical attention immediately:

• Trouble breathing
• Persistent chest pressure or pain
• New confusion
• Inability to wake or stay awake
• Bluish lips or face

Protect Yourself

You can take steps to protect against the virus:

• Wash hands often with soap and hot water; wash hands for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the bathroom, before eating and after blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.
  • If soap and water are unavailable, use an alcohol-based sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
• Avoid contact with people who are ill.
• Get vaccinated against COVID-19.

Protect Others

You can help reduce the risk of human coronavirus transmission. If you have cold-like symptoms:

• Stay home while you are sick.
• Avoid close contact with other people.
• Cover your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing.
• Wash hands regularly.
• Disinfect surfaces and objects.
• Get vaccinated against COVID-19.

Avoid Travel to Active COVID-19 Areas

It is recommended to practice enhanced precautions if you are travelling to active COVID-19 areas, especially for older adults, infants and those with comporomised immune systems.

COVID-19 Handwashing

As a school administrator, there are steps you can take now to lessen the impact of a severe infectious disease outbreak in your school. It is important to review your health policies and emergency plans to ensure you’re prepared if COVID-19 infections begin to spread in our community.

The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) is developing specific guidance for schools in response to COVID-19. Coronavirus is a respiratory illness that causes symptoms similar to influenza and is thought to be spread in the same way. The following strategies to prepare for a flu pandemic are a good starting point for your COVID-19 planning.

Create a Culture of Health in Your School

• Always promote healthy hygiene habits. Make sure students and staff have access to warm water and soap or hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, tissues, and trash baskets. *Small children should only use hand sanitizer under adult supervision.
• Remind parents to keep sick children at home. Students should be symptom-free and fever-free for at least 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing medicines before returning to school.
• Also encourage staff to stay home when they’re sick. The same rules apply – employees should be symptom-free and fever-free for at least 24 hours before returning to school.
• Follow your standard procedures for routine cleaning and disinfecting. Typically, this means daily sanitizing surfaces and objects that are touched often, such as desks, countertops, doorknobs, computer keyboards, hands-on learning items, faucet handles, phones, and toys.

Planning Ahead

• Plan for staff and student absences. Develop flexible attendance and sick-leave policies that you can enact in a severe outbreak. Staff may need to stay home when they are sick, caring for a sick household member, or caring for their children in the event of school dismissals.
• Review your process for planning school events. Identify actions to take if you need to postpone or cancel events, such as sporting and special events.
• Identify space that can be used to separate sick people if possible. If an employee or student gets sick at school and cannot leave immediately, designate a separate area just for sick people if possible.
• Consider how you will handle school dismissals if public health recommends temporary school closures to lessen the spread of illness.
• Colleges and universities should also identify strategies to continue essential student services like meals, health, and social services. These plans should address students who are not able to return home, like international and out-of-state students.

Discourage Stigma & Discrimination

It’s also important to be mindful of the language you use and the policies you enact, ensuring you do not inadvertently promote stigma and discrimination. Do not make determinations of risk based on race or country of origin and be sure to maintain confidentiality of people with confirmed coronavirus infection.

CDC Interim Guidance for Schools

Guidance for K-12 Schools and School Based Programs

Return to School or Childcare Guidance After COVID-19 Illness or Exposure – Updated Jan. 6, 2021

– School COVID-19 Case Report Form

As an employer, there are steps you can take now to lessen the impact of an infectious disease outbreak on your workforce while ensuring your business operations can continue.

One of the most important things you can do is also one of the simplest: remind your staff that all sick employees should stay home and away from the workplace. Additionally, encourage employees to wash hands frequently, and ensure commonly touched surfaces are cleaned regularly.

Employees & Illness; Sick Leave

• Actively encourage sick employees to stay home. Employees should be symptom-free and fever-free for at least 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing medicines before returning to work.
• Ensure that your sick leave policies are flexible and consistent with public health guidance and that employees are aware of these policies.
• Talk with companies that provide your business with contract or temporary employees about the importance of sick employees staying home and encourage them to develop non-punitive leave policies.
• Do not require a healthcare provider’s note for employees who are sick with acute respiratory illness to validate their illness or to return to work, as healthcare provider offices and medical facilities may be extremely busy and not able to provide such documentation in a timely way.
• Employers should maintain flexible policies that permit employees to stay home to care for a sick family member. Employers should be aware that more employees may need to stay at home to care for sick children or other sick family members than is usual.

Encourage Healthy Behaviors

• Place posters that encourage staying home when sick, cough and sneeze etiquette, and hand hygiene at the entrance to your workplace and in other workplace areas where they are likely to be seen.
• Provide tissues and no-touch disposal receptacles for use by employees.
• Instruct employees to clean their hands often with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60-95% alcohol or wash their hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Soap and water should be used preferentially if hands are visibly dirty.
• Provide soap and water and alcohol-based hand rubs in the workplace. Ensure that adequate supplies are maintained. Place hand rubs in multiple locations or in conference rooms to encourage hand hygiene.
• Routinely clean all frequently touched surfaces in the workplace, such as workstations, countertops, and doorknobs. Use the cleaning agents that are usually used in these areas and follow the directions on the label.

Discourage Stigma & Discrimination

It’s also important to be mindful of the language you use and the policies you enact, ensuring you do not inadvertently promote stigma and discrimination in the workplace. Do not make determinations of risk based on race or country of origin and be sure to maintain confidentiality of people with confirmed coronavirus infection.

CDC Guidance for Businesses

Return to Work Guidance for Non-Healthcare – Updated Dec. 4

Return to Work Guidance for Healthcare – Updated Dec. 4

Workplace COVID-19 Case Report Form

1. Getting vaccinated prevents severe illness, hospitalization, and death; it also helps reduce the spread of the virus in communities.
   • Unvaccinated individuals should get vaccinated and continue masking until they are fully vaccinated.
   • With the Delta variant, this is more urgent than ever. The highest spread of cases and severe outcomes is happening in places with low vaccination rates.
2. Data show Delta is different than past versions of the virus: it is much more contagious.
   • Some vaccinated people can get Delta in a breakthrough infection and may be contagious.
   • Even so, vaccinated individuals represent a very small amount of transmission occurring around the country.
   • Virtually all hospitalizations and deaths continue to be among the unvaccinated.
3. In areas with substantial and high transmission, CDC recommends that everyone (including fully vaccinated individuals) wear a mask in public indoor settings to help prevent spread of Delta and protect others.
4. CDC recommends that community leaders encourage vaccination and masking to prevent further outbreaks in areas of substantial and high transmission.
5. CDC recommends universal indoor masking for all teachers, staff, students, and visitors to K-12 schools, regardless of vaccination status. Children should return to full-time in-person learning in the fall with layered prevention strategies in place. For more information visit https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/index.html

CDC recommends wearing cloth face coverings in public where social distancing may be difficult to maintain (e.g., grocery stores and pharmacies). The use of simple cloth face coverings may help people who may have the virus and do not know it, from transmitting it to others. These cloth face coverings (made from household items like T-shirts, bandanas) can be used as an additional public health measure.  It is important to note that the cloth face coverings recommended by the CDC are NOT surgical masks or N-95 respirators. Those items should continue to be reserved for healthcare workers and first responders, as recommended by current CDC guidance.

View CDC’s Considerations for Wearing Masks

Resources for Businesses and Employers

• Interim Guidance for Businesses & Employers
• Cleaning and Disinfection Recommendations

Resources for Healthcare Facilities

• Interim Guidance for Healthcare Facilities
• Interim Infection Control Recommendations
• Interim Guidance for Management of Confirmed COVID-19 Patients
• Interim Guidance for Dialysis Facilities
• Information for Healthcare Professionals
• FAQs for Healthcare Providers
• Steps Healthcare Facilities can Take
• Strategies for Long-Term Care Facilities
• Optimizing Supply of N95 Respirators
• Healthcare Professional Preparedness Checklist
• Hospital Preparedness Assessment Tool
• Healthcare Supply of Personal Protective Equipment
• Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Personnel Poster
• Information for Health Departments
• Information for Laboratories

Resources for Retirement Communities and Independent Living

• Take Steps to Stay Healthy
• FAQs for Administrators
• Guidance for Retirement Communities and Facilities
• Disinfecting Your Facility if Someone is Sick

Resources for First Responders

• Interim Guidance for EMS Systems
• Information for Law Enforcement Personnel
• Interim Guidance for Correctional and Detention Facilities

Resources for Correctional and Detention Facilities

• Managing COVID-19 in Correctional and Detention Facilites
• FAQs for Administration, Staff, Incarcerated Persons and Family Members
• Possible Exposure of Critical Workers
• Cleaning and Disinfection Recommendations

Resources for Homless Shelters

• Interim Guidance for Homeless Shelters
• Interim Guidance for People Experiencing Unsheltered Homlessness
• Cleaning and Disinfection Recommendations